在人工智能加速智能化变革的同时,针对人工智能的伦理规范、风险框架、以及治理理念和模式的探索成为各国学术界和政策界的重点工作。360首席安全官、天津智慧城市数字安全研究院院长杜跃进称,人工智能作为中、美、欧等国家或地区都在积极发展的关键新兴技术,其在发展过程中所产生的安全挑战也更为复杂多元,世界主要国家和地区已经将安全治理列为各自人工智能战略的优先事项。
目前,各国普遍关注的人工智能安全问题共十类,包括网络安全问题、企业合规问题、可解释性问题、隐私安全问题、声誉和伦理问题、未来劳动力问题、公平性问题、人身安全问题、社会稳定问题、以及国家安全问题。而以上挑战映射到人工智能的研发和应用过程,又可以划分为人工智能自身安全、衍生安全、以及人工智能赋能安全等核心安全挑战。
报告显示,作为一种数字技术,人工智能“双刃剑”特征明显,不仅自身存在数字安全威胁和隐患,随着人工智能工程化、场景化、平台化落地不断加快,人工智能安全需求已经超越单纯技术范畴。面对日趋复杂的安全挑战,人工智能安全治理难以一蹴而就,只有在实践中不断摸索,才能将人工智能安全风险遏制在可控范围。
报告对各国人工智能安全治理模式进行了深入剖析,针对上述问题,报告主要发现:美国流派在人工智能安全治理上采取的手段是在人工智能技术部署、使用与监测的全过程中都进行验证与监管,建立与之配套的规范体系;欧盟流派则更寄希望于运用监管框架与信任体系来对人工智能的安全进行规制,其规制更倾向于人权方向;相较美国与欧盟,中国流派的人工智能安全治理致力于形成内含研发、管理和应用的全流程安全保障体系,涵盖基础框架研制、基本安全原则、供应链管理实践指南、安全服务能力、应用领域的标准研制等各个方面。
为了避免人类社会发展被技术创新所“反噬”,也就是落入所谓的“科林格里奇困境”,产学研各界以监管和设置可操作性原则为主导,通过治理实践凝聚共识,探索人工智能安全治理的思路与模式。报告详细介绍了业界通用的各类风险治理思路,首先是基于未来风险预防的影响评估模式,其次是基于自主性原则的元监管模式,然后是基于透明追踪的AI系统预警模式。并由此细分出以用户为考虑重点的参与性设计和以政府为主导力量的敏捷治理两条路径。
在中国,360等多家人工智能龙头企业以自身实践构建行业安全案例,走出了技术赋能、行业规制、平台监测的多种道路。其中,360承建了科技部牵头成立的“安全大脑国家新一代人工智能开放创新平台”建设,集中解决各类人工智能发展问题,引领人工智能安全生态建设。
作为报告联合发起方,天津智慧城市数字安全研究院依托于新一代人工智能创新发展试验区核心区——中新天津生态城提供的丰富应用场景,紧紧把握新型城市发展规律和机遇,致力于促进人工智能与经济社会发展深度融合,助力打造“智慧城市国家级标杆区”。
随着数字经济成为改变全球竞争格局的关键力量,人工智能产业将得到更大发展。同时,人工智能安全治理也将得到全世界的关注和推动,《全球人工智能安全治理》报告作为相关领域的权威论著,也将为人工智能产业的健康发展贡献一份重要的力量。
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄
由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎)